The Montessori method is an educational system for children and adolescents, developed in the late 19th century by Italian physician Maria Montessori. Her approach to education—based on respect for each child’s individuality and encouragement of independence and exploration—has inspired educators and parents around the world.
Montessori method – principles and assumptions
The Montessori method emphasizes the creation of an environment that supports the natural development of the child, allowing them to discover their own interests and reach their full potential. Today, Montessori schools are gaining increasing popularity. The Montessori approach is not only seen as an alternative but also as an inspiration for many schools, preschools, and families. A growing number of teachers and parents recognize the value of this teaching method, which allows children to explore the world in a natural and harmonious way, in accordance with their own pace and interests.
Origins of the Montessori Method
Maria Montessori’s pedagogy is less than two centuries old, yet it has already significantly influenced educational practices previously dominant in the Polish school system. Born in 1870 in Italy, Maria Montessori chose not to marry, even after giving birth, in order to pursue her professional goals. Her son later accompanied her in her scientific research.
Montessori’s educational philosophy originated from her work with children with mental disabilities. Over time, as her school gained recognition, she expanded her research to include neurotypical children. She believed that even a few-week-old infant is a complete being, capable of independently developing creative energy. Her theory also proposed that every child is inherently good and possesses strong moral inclinations, which are often suppressed by adults.
One of the first female physicians in Italy, Maria Montessori founded a school in one of Rome’s poorer districts. There, she observed her pupils, developing principles based on careful observation and an individualized approach, which allowed each child to cultivate their own talents and passions.
Maria Montessori - creator of the Montessori method
What are the foundations of Montessori pedagogy?
The Montessori method posits that successful child-rearing lies in respecting the child’s individuality, treating them as a self-aware person, and listening attentively to the signals they send to adults. Following Montessori’s principles, children in her schools remained focused on their tasks and were eager to achieve independence. Many of them showed significant social initiative, easily established peer relationships, while also setting clear boundaries and defending their autonomy.
Montessori schools emphasize that every child is a unique individual with specific needs, abilities, and a personal pace of development. Maria Montessori believed in respecting this individuality and tailoring educational methods to suit each child’s characteristics. She also highlighted the importance of the child’s active participation in their learning process. Children should be given the opportunity to choose their activities and carry them out independently.
Montessori classrooms are structured to allow children to explore their environment and learn through hands-on experiences. The educational setting must be carefully prepared to support natural development. Montessori classrooms are equipped with specially designed educational materials and tools that enable children to act and experiment on their own.
In the Montessori method, the teacher acts as a guide—observing and supporting the child's development rather than imposing ready-made solutions. The teacher facilitates learning and encourages independence and exploration. A fundamental component of the method is fostering respectful relationships between children and adults, as well as among the children themselves. Cooperation and mutual respect are core values shaping the classroom atmosphere and fostering harmonious development.
The Montessori Method in practice – Key Assumptions
- Respect for the child's individuality: Instruction is tailored to each student’s needs, abilities, and learning pace.
- Independence: Children are encouraged to make decisions and solve problems on their own.
- Individual pace and interests: Since every child develops at a different pace, teachers must observe and adapt educational materials and learning pace accordingly.
- Prepared learning environment: The space should be aesthetically pleasing, calm, and inviting. Materials must be accessible and organized for free use by children.
- Role of the teacher/caregiver: The teacher acts as a guide, not an authority figure—observing, supporting, and providing conditions for autonomous discovery and learning.
- Freedom of choice: Children are free to choose their tasks and activities, helping them develop decision-making skills and a sense of responsibility.
- Work with real-life materials: Montessori schools use tangible tools like blocks, math boards, letters, etc., helping children grasp abstract concepts through direct experience.
- Balance between work and rest: Time for independent work is balanced with opportunities for relaxation and play.
Who is the Montessori Method for?
Maria Montessori’s educational principles are applied across different stages of life. They are primarily used with preschool-aged children (ages 3–6) and school-aged children (ages 6–12). However, the Montessori approach can also be adapted for younger or older children (ages 12–18) and in various contexts, including homeschooling, special education, and working with children with diverse educational needs and developmental stages. The Montessori method can be implemented by teachers, caregivers, parents, and other child development professionals.
The Montessori Method in Adulthood
In some cases, Montessori principles are applied in adult education settings, such as vocational training programs or therapeutic environments. The method’s core values—respect for individuality, independence, and active engagement—are beneficial not only for children but also in adult learning.
How to implement Montessori at home?
Introducing Montessori principles into the home can be a highly effective way to support a child’s holistic and harmonious development. The key is to create a space that promotes free exploration and learning, along with providing educational materials that encourage a range of skills. Encouraging independence, along with observation and support in everyday activities, helps build confidence and a sense of responsibility. Since each child develops at their own pace, it's important to avoid comparisons and embrace their unique developmental path.
- Preparing the environment: Ensure a safe and accessible space where the child can explore and learn freely, with tools suited to their height and abilities.
- Choosing appropriate materials: Montessori emphasizes quality educational tools that support manual skills, creativity, and logical thinking—magnetic blocks, for example, are a great choice.
- Fostering independence: Encourage children to handle daily tasks on their own, helping them feel responsible for their actions.
- Observation and support: Carefully observe how your child responds to various situations and support their problem-solving and exploration.
- Individual pace: Accept your child’s unique pace of development and avoid making comparisons.